Abstraction (computer science)

Concrete number: Umubare ufatika cyangwa numerus numeratus numubare ujyanye nibintu bibarwa, bitandukanye numubare udafatika cyangwa numero numero numubare nkikintu kimwe. Kurugero, "pome eshanu \" na \ "igice cya pie \" ni imibare ifatika, mugihe \ "gatanu \" na \ "igice kimwe \" ni imibare idafatika. Mu mibare ijambo \ "umubare \" ubusanzwe rifatwa kugirango risobanure umubare udafatika. Umubare w'ubwoko ni ubwoko bwa numero ifatika hamwe nigice cyo gupima gifatanye nayo. Kurugero, \ "5 inches \" numubare umwe kuko ufite santimetero imwe nyuma yacyo.
Concrete number: Umubare ufatika cyangwa numerus numeratus numubare ujyanye nibintu bibarwa, bitandukanye numubare udafatika cyangwa numero numero numubare nkikintu kimwe. Kurugero, "pome eshanu \" na \ "igice cya pie \" ni imibare ifatika, mugihe \ "gatanu \" na \ "igice kimwe \" ni imibare idafatika. Mu mibare ijambo \ "umubare \" ubusanzwe rifatwa kugirango risobanure umubare udafatika. Umubare w'ubwoko ni ubwoko bwa numero ifatika hamwe nigice cyo gupima gifatanye nayo. Kurugero, \ "5 inches \" numubare umwe kuko ufite santimetero imwe nyuma yacyo.
Abstract and concrete: Muri metafizika, itandukaniro riri hagati yubusobanuro na beto bivuga gutandukanya ubwoko bubiri bwibintu. Abafilozofe benshi bavuga ko iri tandukaniro rifite ubusobanuro bwibanze. Ingero z'ibintu bifatika birimo ibimera, abantu n'imibumbe mugihe ibintu nkimibare, amaseti n'ibitekerezo ari ibintu bidafatika . Nta bwumvikane rusange bujyanye nibimenyetso biranga gutomora no gukuramo. Ibyifuzo bizwi cyane harimo gusobanura itandukaniro ukurikije itandukaniro riri hagati yo (1) kubaho imbere cyangwa hanze yumwanya-umwanya, (2) ufite impamvu n'ingaruka cyangwa ntabyo, (3) kugira kubaho cyangwa bikenewe, (4) kuba umwihariko cyangwa rusange kandi (5) kuba mubice byumubiri cyangwa mubitekerezo cyangwa ntanubwo. Nuburyo butandukanye bwibitekerezo, hariho amasezerano yagutse yerekeranye nibintu byinshi byerekeranye nibidafatika cyangwa bifatika. Mubisobanuro byinshi rero, ibi bitekerezo byose byemeranya ko, kurugero, ibimera nibintu bifatika mugihe imibare ari ibintu bidafatika.
Abstract object theory: n Ibintu bifatika ( AOT ) nishami rya metafizika yerekeye ibintu bidafatika. Mu ntangiriro yakozwe na metafizike Edward Zalta mu 1981, igitekerezo cyari kwaguka kwa Platonism.
Abstract and concrete: Muri metafizika, itandukaniro riri hagati yubusobanuro na beto bivuga gutandukanya ubwoko bubiri bwibintu. Abafilozofe benshi bavuga ko iri tandukaniro rifite ubusobanuro bwibanze. Ingero z'ibintu bifatika birimo ibimera, abantu n'imibumbe mugihe ibintu nkimibare, amaseti n'ibitekerezo ari ibintu bidafatika . Nta bwumvikane rusange bujyanye nibimenyetso biranga gutomora no gukuramo. Ibyifuzo bizwi cyane harimo gusobanura itandukaniro ukurikije itandukaniro riri hagati yo (1) kubaho imbere cyangwa hanze yumwanya-umwanya, (2) ufite impamvu n'ingaruka cyangwa ntabyo, (3) kugira kubaho cyangwa bikenewe, (4) kuba umwihariko cyangwa rusange kandi (5) kuba mubice byumubiri cyangwa mubitekerezo cyangwa ntanubwo. Nuburyo butandukanye bwibitekerezo, hariho amasezerano yagutse yerekeranye nibintu byinshi byerekeranye nibidafatika cyangwa bifatika. Mubisobanuro byinshi rero, ibi bitekerezo byose byemeranya ko, kurugero, ibimera nibintu bifatika mugihe imibare ari ibintu bidafatika.
Property abstract: Umutungo ukuramo ni icyegeranyo cyinyandiko zemewe zerekana ibikorwa byerekeranye nubutaka runaka. Muri rusange harimo ibyerekeranye nibikorwa, inguzanyo, ubushake, inyandiko ziperereza, imanza zurukiko, no kugurisha imisoro - cyane cyane inyandiko zose zemewe n'amategeko zigira ingaruka kumitungo.
Abstract of judgment: " Abstract of judgment \" ni incamake yanditse y'urubanza ivuga umubare w'amafaranga uregwa yatakaje abereyemo uwatsinze urwo rubanza, igipimo cy'inyungu agomba kwishyurwa ku mubare w'urubanza, amafaranga y'urukiko, n'amabwiriza yihariye avuga ko uregwa watsinzwe agomba kumvira, ayo magambo akemera kandi agashyirwaho kashe kugira ngo yandikwe kandi ashyirwe mu bikorwa na guverinoma. Intego y'urubanza rudasubirwaho ni ugukora inyandiko rusange no gukora ingwate cyangwa ikirego iyo bibaye ngombwa ku mutungo utimukanwa utunze cyangwa nyuma waguzwe n'uregwa uherereye mu ntara yanditswemo imyanzuro y'urubanza. Niba uwatsinzwe atishyuye urubanza ku bushake noneho uwatsinze arashobora guhatira umugenzacyaha kugurisha umutungo uwo ari wo wose gukusanya. Hariho ibibazo byinshi: 1) kubona intara uwatsinzwe afite umutungo utimukanwa; 2) kuba bishoboka ko hari inguzanyo zishingiwe, ingwate yimisoro na / cyangwa izindi manza ziza mbere yinguzanyo zurubanza; 3) birashoboka ko uwatsinzwe / umwenda ashobora guhomba kandi akirinda kwishyura umwenda.
Property abstract: Umutungo ukuramo ni icyegeranyo cyinyandiko zemewe zerekana ibikorwa byerekeranye nubutaka runaka. Muri rusange harimo ibyerekeranye nibikorwa, inguzanyo, ubushake, inyandiko ziperereza, imanza zurukiko, no kugurisha imisoro - cyane cyane inyandiko zose zemewe n'amategeko zigira ingaruka kumitungo.
Property abstract: Umutungo ukuramo ni icyegeranyo cyinyandiko zemewe zerekana ibikorwa byerekeranye nubutaka runaka. Muri rusange harimo ibyerekeranye nibikorwa, inguzanyo, ubushake, inyandiko ziperereza, imanza zurukiko, no kugurisha imisoro - cyane cyane inyandiko zose zemewe n'amategeko zigira ingaruka kumitungo.
Cassinia (journal): Cassinia ni ikinyamakuru cya Delaware Valley Ornithological Club (DVOC). Ikinyamakuru kigizwe n'impapuro zijyanye na ornithologiya yo mu burasirazuba bwa Pennsylvania, New Jersey, na Delaware. Ibibazo mirongo irindwi na bitatu byasohotse kugeza ubu. Umubumbe wa mbere wambere (1890–1900) wasohotse ku izina rya Abstract of the Proceedings of Delaware Valley Ornithological Club , hanyuma mu 1901 icyo kinyamakuru gihindurwamo izina mu rwego rwo guha icyubahiro inzobere mu by'imiterere ya John Cassin.
Abstract (law): nMu mategeko, abstract ni amagambo magufi arimo ingingo zingenzi zingingo ndende ndende cyangwa impapuro nyinshi zijyanye n'amategeko.
Property abstract: Umutungo ukuramo ni icyegeranyo cyinyandiko zemewe zerekana ibikorwa byerekeranye nubutaka runaka. Muri rusange harimo ibyerekeranye nibikorwa, inguzanyo, ubushake, inyandiko ziperereza, imanza zurukiko, no kugurisha imisoro - cyane cyane inyandiko zose zemewe n'amategeko zigira ingaruka kumitungo.
Abstract art: Ubuhanzi budasubirwaho bukoresha imvugo igaragara yimiterere, imiterere, ibara numurongo kugirango uhimbe ibihimbano bishobora kubaho hamwe nurwego rwubwigenge buturutse kumashusho yisi. Ubuhanzi bwiburengerazuba bwari bwarabaye, kuva muri Renaissance kugeza hagati yikinyejana cya 19, bushimangirwa na logique yibitekerezo no kugerageza kubyara kwibeshya kwukuri kugaragara. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 abahanzi benshi bumvise ko bakeneye guhanga ibihangano bishya bikubiyemo impinduka zifatika zibaho mu ikoranabuhanga, siyanse na filozofiya. Inkomoko abahanzi ku giti cyabo bakuyemo ibitekerezo byabo byari bitandukanye, kandi byagaragazaga ko abantu bashishikajwe n'imibereho n'ubwenge mubice byose byumuco wiburengerazuba muri kiriya gihe.
Abstract art: Ubuhanzi budasubirwaho bukoresha imvugo igaragara yimiterere, imiterere, ibara numurongo kugirango uhimbe ibihimbano bishobora kubaho hamwe nurwego rwubwigenge buturutse kumashusho yisi. Ubuhanzi bwiburengerazuba bwari bwarabaye, kuva muri Renaissance kugeza hagati yikinyejana cya 19, bushimangirwa na logique yibitekerezo no kugerageza kubyara kwibeshya kwukuri kugaragara. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 abahanzi benshi bumvise ko bakeneye guhanga ibihangano bishya bikubiyemo impinduka zifatika zibaho mu ikoranabuhanga, siyanse na filozofiya. Inkomoko abahanzi ku giti cyabo bakuyemo ibitekerezo byabo byari bitandukanye, kandi byagaragazaga ko abantu bashishikajwe n'imibereho n'ubwenge mubice byose byumuco wiburengerazuba muri kiriya gihe.
Abstract painting (Pasmore): Igishushanyo mbonera ni 1998 cyashushanyijeho amavuta yakozwe na Victor Pasmore.
Abstract art: Ubuhanzi budasubirwaho bukoresha imvugo igaragara yimiterere, imiterere, ibara numurongo kugirango uhimbe ibihimbano bishobora kubaho hamwe nurwego rwubwigenge buturutse kumashusho yisi. Ubuhanzi bwiburengerazuba bwari bwarabaye, kuva muri Renaissance kugeza hagati yikinyejana cya 19, bushimangirwa na logique yibitekerezo no kugerageza kubyara kwibeshya kwukuri kugaragara. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 abahanzi benshi bumvise ko bakeneye guhanga ibihangano bishya bikubiyemo impinduka zifatika zibaho mu ikoranabuhanga, siyanse na filozofiya. Inkomoko abahanzi ku giti cyabo bakuyemo ibitekerezo byabo byari bitandukanye, kandi byagaragazaga ko abantu bashishikajwe n'imibereho n'ubwenge mubice byose byumuco wiburengerazuba muri kiriya gihe.
Abstract particulars: Ibisobanuro byihariye ni metafiziki yibintu byombi bidafatika nibintu byihariye.
Abstract particulars: Ibisobanuro byihariye ni metafiziki yibintu byombi bidafatika nibintu byihariye.
Abstract particulars: Ibisobanuro byihariye ni metafiziki yibintu byombi bidafatika nibintu byihariye.
Abstract photography: Gufotora bidasubirwaho , rimwe na rimwe byitwa ko bidafite intego, bigerageza cyangwa bifotora, nuburyo bwo kwerekana ishusho igaragara idafite aho ihuriye nisi yisi kandi yarakozwe hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bifotora, inzira cyangwa ibikoresho. Ifoto idasobanutse irashobora gutandukanya igice cyibintu bisanzwe kugirango ikureho imiterere yabyo kubireba, irashobora gutegurwa nkana kugirango igaragare nkibintu bidashoboka mubintu bifatika, cyangwa birashobora gukoreshwa no gukoresha ibara, urumuri, igicucu, imiterere, imiterere na / cyangwa imiterere yo kwerekana ibyiyumvo, ibyiyumvo cyangwa ibitekerezo. Ishusho irashobora gukorwa hifashishijwe ibikoresho gakondo bifotora nka kamera, icyumba cyijimye cyangwa mudasobwa, cyangwa birashobora gukorwa udakoresheje kamera ukoresheje firime, impapuro cyangwa ibindi bitangazamakuru bifotora, harimo no kwerekana imibare.
Abstract photography: Gufotora bidasubirwaho , rimwe na rimwe byitwa ko bidafite intego, bigerageza cyangwa bifotora, nuburyo bwo kwerekana ishusho igaragara idafite aho ihuriye nisi yisi kandi yarakozwe hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bifotora, inzira cyangwa ibikoresho. Ifoto idasobanutse irashobora gutandukanya igice cyibintu bisanzwe kugirango ikureho imiterere yabyo kubireba, irashobora gutegurwa nkana kugirango igaragare nkibintu bidashoboka mubintu bifatika, cyangwa birashobora gukoreshwa no gukoresha ibara, urumuri, igicucu, imiterere, imiterere na / cyangwa imiterere yo kwerekana ibyiyumvo, ibyiyumvo cyangwa ibitekerezo. Ishusho irashobora gukorwa hifashishijwe ibikoresho gakondo bifotora nka kamera, icyumba cyijimye cyangwa mudasobwa, cyangwa birashobora gukorwa udakoresheje kamera ukoresheje firime, impapuro cyangwa ibindi bitangazamakuru bifotora, harimo no kwerekana imibare.
Faraz Anwar: Faraz Anwar ni umucuranzi w'umunyapakisitani, uwahimbye, umuririmbyi-umwanditsi w'indirimbo, itsinda rya gitari, akaba n'umucuranzi wa gitari washinze Mizraab - umuziki uremereye w'icyuma n'itsinda rikomeye rya rock rifite icyicaro muri Pakisitani. Igikorwa cye cya muzika kuri gitari y'amashanyarazi nkuko byasobanuwe n'abanenga umuziki muri iki gihugu nk "umutware wa Pakisitani w'urutare rugenda rutera imbere. Anwar kuri ubu yasinywe na Lion Music - uruganda rukora ibicuruzwa byandika muri Finilande.
Faraz Anwar: Faraz Anwar ni umucuranzi w'umunyapakisitani, uwahimbye, umuririmbyi-umwanditsi w'indirimbo, itsinda rya gitari, akaba n'umucuranzi wa gitari washinze Mizraab - umuziki uremereye w'icyuma n'itsinda rikomeye rya rock rifite icyicaro muri Pakisitani. Igikorwa cye cya muzika kuri gitari y'amashanyarazi nkuko byasobanuwe n'abanenga umuziki muri iki gihugu nk "umutware wa Pakisitani w'urutare rugenda rutera imbere. Anwar kuri ubu yasinywe na Lion Music - uruganda rukora ibicuruzwa byandika muri Finilande.
Abstract polytope: Mu mibare, polytope idasobanutse ni algebraic itondekanya igice cyangwa poset ifata imiterere ihuza imiterere ya polytope gakondo itagaragaje gusa imiterere ya geometrike nkinguni cyangwa uburebure bwuruhande. Polytope ni rusange muri polygon na polyhedra mumibare iyo ari yo yose.
Abstract polytope: Mu mibare, polytope idasobanutse ni algebraic itondekanya igice cyangwa poset ifata imiterere ihuza imiterere ya polytope gakondo itagaragaje gusa imiterere ya geometrike nkinguni cyangwa uburebure bwuruhande. Polytope ni rusange muri polygon na polyhedra mumibare iyo ari yo yose.
Abstract polytope: Mu mibare, polytope idasobanutse ni algebraic itondekanya igice cyangwa poset ifata imiterere ihuza imiterere ya polytope gakondo itagaragaje gusa imiterere ya geometrike nkinguni cyangwa uburebure bwuruhande. Polytope ni rusange muri polygon na polyhedra mumibare iyo ari yo yose.
Abstract polytope: Mu mibare, polytope idasobanutse ni algebraic itondekanya igice cyangwa poset ifata imiterere ihuza imiterere ya polytope gakondo itagaragaje gusa imiterere ya geometrike nkinguni cyangwa uburebure bwuruhande. Polytope ni rusange muri polygon na polyhedra mumibare iyo ari yo yose.
Abstract analytic number theory: Umubare wuzuye wo gusesengura imibare nishami ryimibare ifata ibitekerezo nubuhanga bwa numero ya kera yisesengura yimibare ikanabikoresha mubice bitandukanye byimibare. Umubare wambere wambere theorem ikora nkurugero rwa prototypical, kandi kwibandaho ni ibisubizo bitagabanijwe byo gukwirakwiza ibisubizo. Igitekerezo cyahimbwe kandi gitezwa imbere nabahanga mu mibare nka John Knopfmacher na Arne Beurling mu kinyejana cya makumyabiri.
Abstraction (disambiguation): Abstraction ni uburyo cyangwa bitewe muri rusange, gukuraho imitungo, cyangwa beewala ibitekerezo kuri Ibintu.
Abstract Principles Taken to Their Logical Extremes: Amahame ya Abstract Yafashwe Kuri Logical Extremes niyo alubumu yonyine ya Dark Heresy, itsinda ryicyuma cyurupfu rwaturutse i Londere mubwongereza, ryasohotse mu 1995 kuri label yikigereki Unisound.
Abstraction: Gukuramo muburyo bwingenzi ni inzira yibitekerezo aho amategeko rusange nibitekerezo bikomoka kumikoreshereze no gutondekanya ingero zihariye, ibisobanuro nyabyo, amahame yambere, cyangwa ubundi buryo.
Alternative hip hop: Ubundi hip hop ni subgenre yumuziki wa hip hop ikubiyemo ibintu byinshi bitandukanye muburyo butamenyekana nkibisanzwe. AllMusic ibisobanura mu buryo bukurikira: "Ubundi rap ivuga ku matsinda ya hip hop yanga guhuza na rimwe mu myumvire gakondo ya rap, nka gangsta, bass, hardcore, na rap y'ibirori. Ahubwo, bahindura injyana zishushanya kimwe na pop na pop. / urutare, kimwe na jazz, roho, reggae, ndetse n'abantu. \ "
Abstraction: Gukuramo muburyo bwingenzi ni inzira yibitekerezo aho amategeko rusange nibitekerezo bikomoka kumikoreshereze no gutondekanya ingero zihariye, ibisobanuro nyabyo, amahame yambere, cyangwa ubundi buryo.
Abstract interpretation: Muri siyanse ya mudasobwa, gusobanura abstract ni inyigisho yo kugereranya amajwi ya semantique ya porogaramu ya mudasobwa, ishingiye ku mikorere ya monotonic hejuru yamaseti yatumijwe, cyane cyane latike. Irashobora kubonwa nkigikorwa cyigice cya porogaramu ya mudasobwa yunguka amakuru kubyerekeye amasomo yayo idakoze ibarwa yose.
Abstract rewriting system: Muri logique ya mibare na siyanse ya siyanse ya siyanse, sisitemu yo kwandika yanditswemo ni uburyo bwo gufata ibyemezo bifatika hamwe na sisitemu yo kwandika. Muburyo bworoshye cyane, ARS ni igiteranyo hamwe hamwe na binary isano, gakondo isobanurwa na ; iki gisobanuro kirashobora kurushaho kunonosorwa niba dushyizeho urutonde (label) uduce twa binary isano. Nuburyo bworoshye, ARS irahagije kugirango isobanure ibintu byingenzi bya sisitemu yo kwandika nkuburyo busanzwe, guhagarika, hamwe nibitekerezo bitandukanye byo guhurira.	In mathematical logic and theoretical computer science, an abstract rewriting system is a formalism that captures the quintessential notion and properties of rewriting systems. In its simplest form, an ARS is simply a set together with a binary relation, traditionally denoted with
Abstract polytope: Mu mibare, polytope idasobanutse ni algebraic itondekanya igice cyangwa poset ifata imiterere ihuza imiterere ya polytope gakondo itagaragaje gusa imiterere ya geometrike nkinguni cyangwa uburebure bwuruhande. Polytope ni rusange muri polygon na polyhedra mumibare iyo ari yo yose.
Abstract polytope: Mu mibare, polytope idasobanutse ni algebraic itondekanya igice cyangwa poset ifata imiterere ihuza imiterere ya polytope gakondo itagaragaje gusa imiterere ya geometrike nkinguni cyangwa uburebure bwuruhande. Polytope ni rusange muri polygon na polyhedra mumibare iyo ari yo yose.
Reference question: Mu mategeko yo muri Kanada, ikibazo cyerekeranye cyangwa ikibazo cyerekanwe ni icyifuzo cya leta cyangwa leta yintara mu nkiko zisaba igitekerezo cyubujyanama kubibazo bikomeye byemewe n'amategeko. Mubisanzwe ikibazo kireba itegeko nshinga ryamategeko.
Abstract rewriting system: Muri logique ya mibare na siyanse ya siyanse ya siyanse, sisitemu yo kwandika yanditswemo ni uburyo bwo gufata ibyemezo bifatika hamwe na sisitemu yo kwandika. Muburyo bworoshye cyane, ARS ni igiteranyo hamwe hamwe na binary isano, gakondo isobanurwa na ; iki gisobanuro kirashobora kurushaho kunonosorwa niba dushyizeho urutonde (label) uduce twa binary isano. Nuburyo bworoshye, ARS irahagije kugirango isobanure ibintu byingenzi bya sisitemu yo kwandika nkuburyo busanzwe, guhagarika, hamwe nibitekerezo bitandukanye byo guhurira.	In mathematical logic and theoretical computer science, an abstract rewriting system is a formalism that captures the quintessential notion and properties of rewriting systems. In its simplest form, an ARS is simply a set together with a binary relation, traditionally denoted with
Abstract rewriting system: Muri logique ya mibare na siyanse ya siyanse ya siyanse, sisitemu yo kwandika yanditswemo ni uburyo bwo gufata ibyemezo bifatika hamwe na sisitemu yo kwandika. Muburyo bworoshye cyane, ARS ni igiteranyo hamwe hamwe na binary isano, gakondo isobanurwa na ; iki gisobanuro kirashobora kurushaho kunonosorwa niba dushyizeho urutonde (label) uduce twa binary isano. Nuburyo bworoshye, ARS irahagije kugirango isobanure ibintu byingenzi bya sisitemu yo kwandika nkuburyo busanzwe, guhagarika, hamwe nibitekerezo bitandukanye byo guhurira.	In mathematical logic and theoretical computer science, an abstract rewriting system is a formalism that captures the quintessential notion and properties of rewriting systems. In its simplest form, an ARS is simply a set together with a binary relation, traditionally denoted with
Abstract rewriting machine: Imashini yandika yandika (ARM) ni imashini isanzwe ishyira mu bikorwa ijambo ryo kwandika kuri sisitemu ntoya yo kwandika.
Abstract rewriting system: Muri logique ya mibare na siyanse ya siyanse ya siyanse, sisitemu yo kwandika yanditswemo ni uburyo bwo gufata ibyemezo bifatika hamwe na sisitemu yo kwandika. Muburyo bworoshye cyane, ARS ni igiteranyo hamwe hamwe na binary isano, gakondo isobanurwa na ; iki gisobanuro kirashobora kurushaho kunonosorwa niba dushyizeho urutonde (label) uduce twa binary isano. Nuburyo bworoshye, ARS irahagije kugirango isobanure ibintu byingenzi bya sisitemu yo kwandika nkuburyo busanzwe, guhagarika, hamwe nibitekerezo bitandukanye byo guhurira.	In mathematical logic and theoretical computer science, an abstract rewriting system is a formalism that captures the quintessential notion and properties of rewriting systems. In its simplest form, an ARS is simply a set together with a binary relation, traditionally denoted with
Modern sculpture: Ibishusho bigezweho muri rusange bifatwa nkaho byatangijwe nakazi ka Auguste Rodin, ufatwa nkuwakomotse kumashusho agezweho. Mu gihe Rodin atiyemeje kwigomeka ku byahise, yashyizeho uburyo bushya bwo kubaka imirimo ye. "Yakuyeho urutonde rukomeye rw'imyigishirize ya Neo-Abagereki yo muri iki gihe, bityo ashyiraho uburyo bukomeye bwo guhishira no gukorera mu mucyo, ingano n'ubusa \". Hamwe nabandi bahanzi bake mu mpera zikinyejana cya 19 bagerageje kwerekwa ibihangano bishya mubishushanyo nka Edgar Degas na Paul Gauguin, Rodin yahimbye uburyo bushya bwo guhanga ibishusho. Ibishusho bigezweho, hamwe nubuhanzi bwose bugezweho, \ "byavutse murwego rwo kugerageza guhuza ibihugu byumuryango wimijyi, inganda n'isi byavutse mu kinyejana cya cumi n'icyenda \".
Abstract semantic graph: Muri siyansi yubumenyi bwa mudasobwa, igishushanyo mbonera cyerekana ( ASG ) cyangwa igishushanyo mbonera ni uburyo bwo kugereranya ibintu aho imvugo yerekana imvugo isanzwe cyangwa porogaramu igereranwa nigishushanyo gifite vertike ni imvugo yibisobanuro. ASG iri murwego rwohejuru rwo gukuramo kuruta igiti kidasubirwaho igiti, gikoreshwa mukugaragaza imiterere yimiterere yimvugo cyangwa gahunda.
Sense data: Igitekerezo cyamakuru yunvikana nigitekerezo muri filozofiya yimyumvire, izwi cyane muntangiriro yikinyejana cya 20 nabafilozofe nka Bertrand Russell, CD Broad, HH Price, AJ Ayer, na GE Moore. Ibyiyumvo bifatika bifatwa nkibintu biterwa nubwenge kubaho kwabo nibintu bizwi neza natwe mubitekerezo. Ibi bintu ni ibintu bidasesenguye imbere mubitekerezo, bigaragara nkibikorwa byo mu mutwe byateye imbere nkuko biri.
Set theory: Shiraho inyigisho nishami rya logique yimibare yiga ibice, bishobora gusobanurwa muburyo butemewe nkibyegeranyo byibintu. Nubwo ibintu byubwoko bwose bishobora gukusanyirizwa hamwe, gushiraho ibitekerezo, nkishami ryimibare, ahanini bireba nibijyanye nimibare muri rusange.
Abstract simplicial complex: Muri combinatorics, abstract simplicial complex (ASC) numuryango wama seti ifunze mugihe cyo gufata sisitemu, ni ukuvuga buri gice cya seti mumuryango nacyo kiri mumuryango. Nibisobanuro bihuza gusa ibisobanuro bya geometrike yibintu byoroshye. Kurugero, mubice 2-byoroheje byoroheje, ibice mumuryango ni mpandeshatu, impande zazo, hamwe na vertike zabo.
Abstract space: Umwanya ufatika , muri geografiya, ni hypothetique umwanya urangwa nibintu bingana kandi bihamye; umwanya wa geografiya ni umwe. Ibikorwa byose nibikorwa byoroshye kimwe cyangwa bigoye mubyerekezo byose hamwe nahantu hose muri uyu mwanya. Iki gitekerezo ni ingirakamaro mu kwerekana cyangwa gusesengura ibikorwa byahantu hamwe nimyitwarire mugabanya cyangwa gukuraho impinduka zidasanzwe, nka terrain. Kurugero, niba abashakashatsi bashaka kwiga isano iri hagati yumuco nubucuruzi, ntibashaka ko urugero rwabo rwarengerwa cyangwa ngo rutwarwe nimpamvu nkinzitizi zimisozi ninzuzi kuko ibyo byabangamira intego yo kwerekana uburyo umuco wonyine ugira ingaruka mubucuruzi.
Abstract state machine: Muri siyanse ya mudasobwa, imashini ya leta idasobanutse ( ASM ) ni imashini ya leta ikorera kuri leta zifite imiterere yamakuru uko yishakiye.
Abstract state machine: Muri siyanse ya mudasobwa, imashini ya leta idasobanutse ( ASM ) ni imashini ya leta ikorera kuri leta zifite imiterere yamakuru uko yishakiye.
Abstract state machine: Muri siyanse ya mudasobwa, imashini ya leta idasobanutse ( ASM ) ni imashini ya leta ikorera kuri leta zifite imiterere yamakuru uko yishakiye.
Abstract strategy game: Umukino wuburyo budasubirwaho ni umukino wingamba aho insanganyamatsiko itari ingenzi kuburambe bwo gukina. Imikino myinshi yumukino wambere wisi, harimo chess, Genda, abagenzuzi nubushushanyo, xiangqi, shogi, Reversi, morris yabagabo icyenda, hamwe na mancala nyinshi, bihuye muriki cyiciro, kimwe nibindi byinshi bigezweho nka Dameo, Hive, na YINSH .
Abstract strategy game: Umukino wuburyo budasubirwaho ni umukino wingamba aho insanganyamatsiko itari ingenzi kuburambe bwo gukina. Imikino myinshi yumukino wambere wisi, harimo chess, Genda, abagenzuzi nubushushanyo, xiangqi, shogi, Reversi, morris yabagabo icyenda, hamwe na mancala nyinshi, bihuye muriki cyiciro, kimwe nibindi byinshi bigezweho nka Dameo, Hive, na YINSH .
Abstract strategy game: Umukino wuburyo budasubirwaho ni umukino wingamba aho insanganyamatsiko itari ingenzi kuburambe bwo gukina. Imikino myinshi yumukino wambere wisi, harimo chess, Genda, abagenzuzi nubushushanyo, xiangqi, shogi, Reversi, morris yabagabo icyenda, hamwe na mancala nyinshi, bihuye muriki cyiciro, kimwe nibindi byinshi bigezweho nka Dameo, Hive, na YINSH .
Structuralism (philosophy of mathematics): Imiterere ni inyigisho muri filozofiya y'imibare ivuga ko imibare isobanura imiterere y'ibintu by'imibare. Imibare yimibare isobanurwa neza nu mwanya wabo muri izo nzego. Kubwibyo, imiterere yubaka ishimangira ko ibintu byimibare bidafite imitungo yimbere ahubwo bisobanurwa nubusabane bwabo bwo hanze muri sisitemu. Kurugero, imiterere yerekana ko umubare 1 usobanuwe neza nukuzungura 0 muburyo bwimiterere yimibare yimibare. Muri rusange kurugero, umubare karemano usobanurwa numwanya wabyo muriyi miterere yumurongo. Izindi ngero zibintu byimibare zishobora kuba zirimo imirongo nindege muri geometrie, cyangwa ibintu nibikorwa muri algebra abstract.
Abstract structure: Imiterere idasobanutse ni hypostatike abstraction isobanurwa nurutonde rwamategeko, imitungo nubusabane muburyo bwumvikana niba atari burigihe amateka atigenga kumiterere yibyabaye, urugero, ibyerekeranye nibintu bifatika. Inzego zidafatika ntizigwa gusa muri logique no mu mibare ahubwo no mubice bikoreshwa, nka siyanse ya mudasobwa, no mubushakashatsi bubitekerezaho, nka filozofiya. Mubyukuri, imibare igezweho yasobanuwe muburyo rusange nkubushakashatsi bwimiterere idafatika.
Abstract management: Gucunga neza ni inzira yo kwakira no gutegura ibisobanuro byo kwerekana mu nama y'amasomo. Inzira igizwe nabatumiwe cyangwa bavuzweho ibitekerezo byerekana abstract cyangwa incamake yakazi. Ibisobanuro mubisanzwe bivuga hypothesis, ibikoresho bikoreshwa mubushakashatsi cyangwa iperereza, amakuru yakusanyijwe, hamwe nincamake cyangwa ibisobanuro byamakuru.
Class (computer programming): Mubikorwa-bishingiye kuri progaramu, icyiciro nigikorwa cyagutse-kode-inyandikorugero yo kurema ibintu, itanga indangagaciro zambere kuri leta no gushyira mubikorwa imyitwarire. Mu ndimi nyinshi, izina ryishuri rikoreshwa nkizina ryishuri, izina ryumushinga wubatswe mbere, kandi nkubwoko bwibintu byakozwe mugutangiza icyiciro; ibi bitekerezo bitandukanye birahujwe byoroshye. Nubwo, kugeza aho bivuguruzanya, umuntu yavuga ko aricyo kintu kiranga ururimi kubera imiterere yacyo ya polimorphique nimpamvu izo ndimi zikomeye, zifite imbaraga kandi zihuza nogukoresha ugereranije nindimi zidafite polymorphism zihari. Gutyo barashobora kwerekana sisitemu ya dinamike byoroshye.
Abstract syntax: Mu siyansi mudasobwa, ku Igaragaza zitagaragara amakuru ni imiterere yise ubwoko Ibyatanzwe, batisunze guhagararirwa runaka cyangwa Imisobekere. Ibi bikoreshwa cyane cyane muguserukira inyandiko mundimi za mudasobwa, ubusanzwe zibikwa muburyo bwibiti nkigiti kidafatika. Igishushanyo mbonera, kigizwe gusa nuburyo bwimiterere yamakuru, gitandukanijwe nimbonerahamwe ifatika, nayo ikubiyemo amakuru ajyanye no guhagararirwa. Kurugero, syntax ifatika ikubiyemo ibiranga iminyururu cyangwa koma bitashyizwe mubisobanuro bifatika, nkuko bigaragara mumiterere.
ASN.1: Ibisobanuro bya Syntax Icyitonderwa kimwe ( ASN.1 ) nururimi rusanzwe rusobanura imvugo yo gusobanura imiterere yamakuru ashobora gukurikiranwa no guteshwa agaciro muburyo bwambukiranya imipaka. Irakoreshwa cyane mubitumanaho no guhuza mudasobwa, na cyane cyane mubisobanuro.
ASN.1: Ibisobanuro bya Syntax Icyitonderwa kimwe ( ASN.1 ) nururimi rusanzwe rusobanura imvugo yo gusobanura imiterere yamakuru ashobora gukurikiranwa no guteshwa agaciro muburyo bwambukiranya imipaka. Irakoreshwa cyane mubitumanaho no guhuza mudasobwa, na cyane cyane mubisobanuro.
Abstract syntax tree: Muri siyanse ya mudasobwa, igiti kidasubirwaho ( AST ), cyangwa igiti gusa, ni igiti cyerekana imiterere ya abstract syntactique yimiterere ya code yinkomoko yanditswe mururimi rwa porogaramu. Buri pfundo ryigiti ryerekana ibyubaka biboneka mumasoko ya code.
Interpreter (computing): Mu siyansi mudasobwa, umusiguzi ni Umuhinduzi ko kenshi asoma amabwiriza rihinduwe bo imashini code. Hanyuma ikora amabwiriza yanditse mumyandikire ya progaramu cyangwa inyandiko, itabisabye mbere kuba yarakozwe muri porogaramu yimashini. Umusemuzi muri rusange akoresha bumwe mu buryo bukurikira bwo gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda: Gereranya inkomoko yinkomoko hanyuma ukore imyitwarire itaziguye; n Sobanura inkomoko yinkomoko muburyo bunoze bwo kugereranya cyangwa kode yikintu hanyuma uhite ubikora; Kora mu buryo bweruye kode yabitswe ikozwe na compiler igizwe na sisitemu yo gusobanura.
Abstract syntax tree: Muri siyanse ya mudasobwa, igiti kidasubirwaho ( AST ), cyangwa igiti gusa, ni igiti cyerekana imiterere ya abstract syntactique yimiterere ya code yinkomoko yanditswe mururimi rwa porogaramu. Buri pfundo ryigiti ryerekana ibyubaka biboneka mumasoko ya code.
Abstract syntax tree: Muri siyanse ya mudasobwa, igiti kidasubirwaho ( AST ), cyangwa igiti gusa, ni igiti cyerekana imiterere ya abstract syntactique yimiterere ya code yinkomoko yanditswe mururimi rwa porogaramu. Buri pfundo ryigiti ryerekana ibyubaka biboneka mumasoko ya code.
Test suite: nMu iterambere rya software, suite yikizamini , itamenyekanye cyane nka 'kwemeza suite', ni ikusanyirizo ryimanza zigeragezwa zigamije gukoreshwa mugupima porogaramu ya software kugirango yerekane ko ifite imyitwarire yihariye. Suite yikizamini ikubiyemo amabwiriza arambuye cyangwa intego kuri buri cyegeranyo cyibibazo byikizamini hamwe namakuru kuri sisitemu ya sisitemu igomba gukoreshwa mugihe cyo kwipimisha. Itsinda ryimanza zishobora nanone kuba zikubiyemo leta cyangwa intambwe zisabwa, hamwe nibisobanuro byibizamini bikurikira.
Abstraction: Gukuramo muburyo bwingenzi ni inzira yibitekerezo aho amategeko rusange nibitekerezo bikomoka kumikoreshereze no gutondekanya ingero zihariye, ibisobanuro nyabyo, amahame yambere, cyangwa ubundi buryo.
Abstraction: Gukuramo muburyo bwingenzi ni inzira yibitekerezo aho amategeko rusange nibitekerezo bikomoka kumikoreshereze no gutondekanya ingero zihariye, ibisobanuro nyabyo, amahame yambere, cyangwa ubundi buryo.
Topological space: Mu mibare, umwanya wa topologiya , nukuvuga hafi, umwanya wa geometrike aho usobanura hafi ariko, muri rusange, ntushobora gupimwa nintera yumubare. By'umwihariko, umwanya wa topologiya ni urutonde rwingingo, hamwe nuruhererekane rwabaturanyi kuri buri ngingo, uhaza umurongo wa axiom ujyanye ningingo hamwe nabaturanyi.
Abstract type: Mu ndimi za porogaramu, ubwoko budasobanutse nubwoko muburyo bwa nominal sisitemu idashobora guhita ihita; ubwoko budasobanutse - bushobora guhita - bwitwa ubwoko bufatika . Buri rugero rwubwoko butagaragara ni urugero rwibintu bimwe bifatika. Ubwoko bukuramo buzwi kandi nkubwoko bubaho .
Algebraic variety: Ubwoko bwa Algebraic nibintu byingenzi byo kwiga muri algebraic geometrie, igice cyimibare. Mubisanzwe, ubwoko bwa algebraic busobanurwa nkurutonde rwibisubizo bya sisitemu yo kugereranya polinomial hejuru yimibare nyayo cyangwa igoye. Ibisobanuro bigezweho bihuza iki gitekerezo muburyo butandukanye, mugihe ugerageza kubungabunga ubushishozi bwa geometrike inyuma yubusobanuro bwambere.
Vector: Vector irashobora kwerekeza kuri:
Vector space: Umwanya wa vector ni urutonde rwibintu byitwa vectors , bishobora kongerwaho hamwe no kugwizwa ("byapimwe \") numubare, bita scalars . Scalars akenshi ifatwa nkumubare nyawo, ariko hariho kandi umwanya wa vector hamwe na scalar kugwiza numubare utoroshye, imibare ifatika, cyangwa muri rusange umurima uwo ariwo wose. Ibikorwa byo kongera vector no kugwiza scalar bigomba kuba byujuje ibisabwa, byitwa vector axioms . Kugirango ugaragaze ko scalars ari imibare nyayo cyangwa igoye, amagambo nyayo ya vector n'umwanya wa vector umwanya munini ikoreshwa.
Abstract polytope: Mu mibare, polytope idasobanutse ni algebraic itondekanya igice cyangwa poset ifata imiterere ihuza imiterere ya polytope gakondo itagaragaje gusa imiterere ya geometrike nkinguni cyangwa uburebure bwuruhande. Polytope ni rusange muri polygon na polyhedra mumibare iyo ari yo yose.
Abstract Wiener space: Igitekerezo cyumwanya wa Wiener abstract ni imyubakire yimibare yatunganijwe na Leonard Gross kugirango yumve imiterere yingamba za Gaussiya kumwanya utagira umupaka. Ubwubatsi bushimangira uruhare rwibanze rwagize umwanya wa Kameron - Martin. Umwanya wa kera Wiener ni urugero rwa prototypical.
Abstract-Type and Scheme-Definition Language: ASDL nayo ni ikosa risanzwe rya ADSL.
Abstract-Type and Scheme-Definition Language: ASDL nayo ni ikosa risanzwe rya ADSL.
Abstract expressionism: Ibisobanuro byerekana ni inyandiko - Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose y'ubuhanzi mu gushushanya Abanyamerika, yatejwe imbere mu mujyi wa New York mu myaka ya za 40. Nibwo bwambere umuryango w'abanyamerika wageze ku ruhare mpuzamahanga no gushyira New York hagati y'ubuhanzi bw'iburengerazuba, uruhare rwahoze rwuzuzwa na Paris. Nubwo ijambo "abstract expressionism \" ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu buhanzi bw'Abanyamerika mu 1946 n'umunegura w'ubuhanzi Robert Coates, ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu Budage mu 1919 mu kinyamakuru Der Sturm , ku byerekeye Expressionism y'Abadage. Muri Amerika, Alfred Barr ni we wa mbere wakoresheje iri jambo mu 1929 bijyanye n'ibikorwa byakozwe na Wassily Kandinsky.
Abstract expressionism: Ibisobanuro byerekana ni inyandiko - Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose y'ubuhanzi mu gushushanya Abanyamerika, yatejwe imbere mu mujyi wa New York mu myaka ya za 40. Nibwo bwambere umuryango w'abanyamerika wageze ku ruhare mpuzamahanga no gushyira New York hagati y'ubuhanzi bw'iburengerazuba, uruhare rwahoze rwuzuzwa na Paris. Nubwo ijambo "abstract expressionism \" ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu buhanzi bw'Abanyamerika mu 1946 n'umunegura w'ubuhanzi Robert Coates, ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu Budage mu 1919 mu kinyamakuru Der Sturm , ku byerekeye Expressionism y'Abadage. Muri Amerika, Alfred Barr ni we wa mbere wakoresheje iri jambo mu 1929 bijyanye n'ibikorwa byakozwe na Wassily Kandinsky.
Abstract: The Art of Design: Abstract: Ubuhanzi bwo Gushushanya ni Netflix yumwimerere ya documentaire yerekana abahanzi mubijyanye no gushushanya. Yasohotse kuri Netflix ku ya 10 Gashyantare 2017. Urukurikirane rwakozwe n'uwahoze ari umwanditsi mukuru wa Wired , Scott Dadich.
Abstract algebra: Muri algebra, nigice kinini cyimibare, abstract algebra nubushakashatsi bwimiterere ya algebraic. Imiterere ya algebraic irimo amatsinda, impeta, imirima, module, umwanya wa vector, latike, na algebras. Ijambo abstract algebra ryahimbwe mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20 kugira ngo ritandukanye iki gice cy'ubushakashatsi n'ibindi bice bya algebra.
Abstraction: Gukuramo muburyo bwingenzi ni inzira yibitekerezo aho amategeko rusange nibitekerezo bikomoka kumikoreshereze no gutondekanya ingero zihariye, ibisobanuro nyabyo, amahame yambere, cyangwa ubundi buryo.
Indexing and abstracting service: Serivise idasubirwaho ni serivisi itanga ibisobanuro byibitabo, akenshi kubintu cyangwa itsinda ryibintu bifitanye isano, mubisanzwe kubiyandikisha. Serivise yerekana serivisi ni serivisi igenera abadondora nubundi bwoko bwo kugera ku nyandiko. Ijambo indangagaciro ya serivise ikoreshwa muri iki gihe ahanini ikoreshwa muri porogaramu za mudasobwa, ariko irashobora kandi gukubiyemo serivisi zitanga inyuma-y-igitabo-cy-igitabo, indangagaciro z'ibinyamakuru, nubwoko bujyanye n'ibipimo. Serivise yerekana no gukuramo serivisi ni serivisi itanga kugabanya cyangwa kuvuga muri make inyandiko no kugena abadondora inyandiko zerekana.
Abstract (summary): An abstract ni incamake ya ubushakashatsi ngingo, Urwandiko rw'umwanzuno, review, nama rubanza, cyangwa mu buryo bwimbitse gusesengura ikibazo cyihariye gishingiye kandi akenshi bugakoreshwa gufasha umusomyi vuba musuzume umugambi urupapuro wa. Iyo ikoreshejwe, abstract ihora igaragara mugitangiriro cyandikishijwe intoki cyangwa inyandiko, ikora nkibintu-byinjira-byimpapuro zose zamasomo cyangwa gusaba patenti. Gukuramo no kwerekana serivisi zinyigisho zinyuranye zigamije gukusanya igitabo cyibitabo kuri iyo ngingo.
Indexing and abstracting service: Serivise idasubirwaho ni serivisi itanga ibisobanuro byibitabo, akenshi kubintu cyangwa itsinda ryibintu bifitanye isano, mubisanzwe kubiyandikisha. Serivise yerekana serivisi ni serivisi igenera abadondora nubundi bwoko bwo kugera ku nyandiko. Ijambo indangagaciro ya serivise ikoreshwa muri iki gihe ahanini ikoreshwa muri porogaramu za mudasobwa, ariko irashobora kandi gukubiyemo serivisi zitanga inyuma-y-igitabo-cy-igitabo, indangagaciro z'ibinyamakuru, nubwoko bujyanye n'ibipimo. Serivise yerekana no gukuramo serivisi ni serivisi itanga kugabanya cyangwa kuvuga muri make inyandiko no kugena abadondora inyandiko zerekana.
Indexing and abstracting service: Serivise idasubirwaho ni serivisi itanga ibisobanuro byibitabo, akenshi kubintu cyangwa itsinda ryibintu bifitanye isano, mubisanzwe kubiyandikisha. Serivise yerekana serivisi ni serivisi igenera abadondora nubundi bwoko bwo kugera ku nyandiko. Ijambo indangagaciro ya serivise ikoreshwa muri iki gihe ahanini ikoreshwa muri porogaramu za mudasobwa, ariko irashobora kandi gukubiyemo serivisi zitanga inyuma-y-igitabo-cy-igitabo, indangagaciro z'ibinyamakuru, nubwoko bujyanye n'ibipimo. Serivise yerekana no gukuramo serivisi ni serivisi itanga kugabanya cyangwa kuvuga muri make inyandiko no kugena abadondora inyandiko zerekana.
Indexing and abstracting service: Serivise idasubirwaho ni serivisi itanga ibisobanuro byibitabo, akenshi kubintu cyangwa itsinda ryibintu bifitanye isano, mubisanzwe kubiyandikisha. Serivise yerekana serivisi ni serivisi igenera abadondora nubundi bwoko bwo kugera ku nyandiko. Ijambo indangagaciro ya serivise ikoreshwa muri iki gihe ahanini ikoreshwa muri porogaramu za mudasobwa, ariko irashobora kandi gukubiyemo serivisi zitanga inyuma-y-igitabo-cy-igitabo, indangagaciro z'ibinyamakuru, nubwoko bujyanye n'ibipimo. Serivise yerekana no gukuramo serivisi ni serivisi itanga kugabanya cyangwa kuvuga muri make inyandiko no kugena abadondora inyandiko zerekana.
Abstracting electricity: Gukuramo amashanyarazi nicyaha giteganijwe n'amategeko cyo gukoresha ubuhemu, guta, cyangwa gukoresha amashanyarazi, bikubiye mu mategeko atandukanye yo mu Bwongereza na Wales, Irilande y'Amajyaruguru na Repubulika ya Irilande. Itegeko rirakurikizwa, nk'urugero, mu gihe cyo kurenga metero y'amashanyarazi, guhuza metero zaciwe, cyangwa kubona telefoni ku buntu mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko. Muri Low v Blease [1975] Crim LR 513 hemejwe ko amashanyarazi adashobora kwibwa kuko atari umutungo nkuko bisobanurwa n'ingingo ya 4 y'itegeko ry'ubujura 1968. Mu rubanza rumwe rwatangajwe mu 2015 umugabo yatawe muri yombi azira gukuramo amashanyarazi na kwishyuza terefone ye igendanwa muri gari ya moshi, ariko amaherezo ntiyishyuwe. Mbere y'Itegeko ryo gukoresha nabi mudasobwa 1990 abakoresha nabi mudasobwa ("hackers \") bashinjwaga gukuramo amashanyarazi, kuko nta rindi tegeko ryakurikizwaga.
Information science: Ubumenyi bwamakuru ni urwego rwamasomo rwibanze cyane cyane kubisesengura, gukusanya, gutondekanya, gukoresha, kubika, kugarura, kugenda, gukwirakwiza, no kurinda amakuru. Abimenyereza imbere no hanze yumurima biga gusaba no gukoresha ubumenyi mumashyirahamwe hiyongereyeho imikoranire hagati yabantu, amashyirahamwe, hamwe na sisitemu iyariyo yose ihari hagamijwe gushiraho, gusimbuza, kunoza, cyangwa gusobanukirwa sisitemu yamakuru. Amateka, siyanse yubumenyi ifitanye isano na siyanse ya mudasobwa, ubumenyi bwamakuru, psychologiya, ikoranabuhanga, n'inzego zubutasi. Nyamara, siyanse yamakuru ikubiyemo kandi ibice bitandukanye nkubumenyi bwububiko, ubumenyi bwa gihanga, ubucuruzi, amategeko, ubumenyi bwindimi, museologiya, imiyoborere, imibare, filozofiya, politiki rusange, na siyanse mbonezamubano.
Indexing and abstracting service: Serivise idasubirwaho ni serivisi itanga ibisobanuro byibitabo, akenshi kubintu cyangwa itsinda ryibintu bifitanye isano, mubisanzwe kubiyandikisha. Serivise yerekana serivisi ni serivisi igenera abadondora nubundi bwoko bwo kugera ku nyandiko. Ijambo indangagaciro ya serivise ikoreshwa muri iki gihe ahanini ikoreshwa muri porogaramu za mudasobwa, ariko irashobora kandi gukubiyemo serivisi zitanga inyuma-y-igitabo-cy-igitabo, indangagaciro z'ibinyamakuru, nubwoko bujyanye n'ibipimo. Serivise yerekana no gukuramo serivisi ni serivisi itanga kugabanya cyangwa kuvuga muri make inyandiko no kugena abadondora inyandiko zerekana.
Abstraction: Gukuramo muburyo bwingenzi ni inzira yibitekerezo aho amategeko rusange nibitekerezo bikomoka kumikoreshereze no gutondekanya ingero zihariye, ibisobanuro nyabyo, amahame yambere, cyangwa ubundi buryo.
Abstraction (art): Mubisanzwe, abstraction ikoreshwa mubuhanzi nkibisobanuro byubuhanzi budasobanutse muri rusange.
Abstraction (computer science): Muri software yubuhanga na siyanse ya siyanse, abstraction ni: inzira yo gukuraho ibintu bifatika, umwanya, cyangwa by'agateganyo cyangwa ibiranga mukwiga ibintu cyangwa sisitemu kugirango twibande kubintu byingenzi byingenzi; birasa muri kamere na gahunda yo kubishyira muri rusange; n kurema ibintu bidasobanutse-ibintu byerekana ibintu bisanzwe cyangwa ibiranga ibintu bitandukanye bidafatika cyangwa sisitemu yo kwiga - ibisubizo byuburyo bwo gukuramo.
Abstraction (computer science): Muri software yubuhanga na siyanse ya siyanse, abstraction ni: inzira yo gukuraho ibintu bifatika, umwanya, cyangwa by'agateganyo cyangwa ibiranga mukwiga ibintu cyangwa sisitemu kugirango twibande kubintu byingenzi byingenzi; birasa muri kamere na gahunda yo kubishyira muri rusange; n kurema ibintu bidasobanutse-ibintu byerekana ibintu bisanzwe cyangwa ibiranga ibintu bitandukanye bidafatika cyangwa sisitemu yo kwiga - ibisubizo byuburyo bwo gukuramo.
Abstraction (computer science): Muri software yubuhanga na siyanse ya siyanse, abstraction ni: inzira yo gukuraho ibintu bifatika, umwanya, cyangwa by'agateganyo cyangwa ibiranga mukwiga ibintu cyangwa sisitemu kugirango twibande kubintu byingenzi byingenzi; birasa muri kamere na gahunda yo kubishyira muri rusange; n kurema ibintu bidasobanutse-ibintu byerekana ibintu bisanzwe cyangwa ibiranga ibintu bitandukanye bidafatika cyangwa sisitemu yo kwiga - ibisubizo byuburyo bwo gukuramo.