2-Coumarate reductase

Bronopol: Bronopol ni urugimbu rukoreshwa nka mikorobe. Nibintu byera byera nubwo ingero zubucuruzi zigaragara nkumuhondo.
2-Bromo-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine: 2-Bromo-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine ( 6-Bromo-MDA ) numuti utazwi cyane wo mu mutwe na amphetamine wasimbuwe. Yashizwe bwa mbere na Alexander Shulgin. Mu gitabo cye PiHKAL , igipimo cyanditswe kuri mg 350 kandi igihe ntikiramenyekana. Itanga ingaruka zitera imbaraga ariko nta gikorwa cyo mu mutwe cyangwa ibikorwa byimpuhwe. Amakuru make cyane arahari kubyerekeye imiti ya farumasi, metabolism, nuburozi.
2-Bromo-LSD: 2-Bromo-LSD , izwi kandi ku izina rya BOL-148 , ikomoka kuri aside ya lysergic yahimbwe na Albert Hofmann, mu rwego rw'ubushakashatsi bw'umwimerere aho LSD nayo yakomotse. 2-bromo-LSD wasangaga idakora nka psychedelic bityo rero ugereranije nubushakashatsi buke mumyaka myinshi, nubwo imyitwarire isa nayo mumubiri yatumye igira akamaro mubushakashatsi bwa radiolabelling. Byabonetse guhuza byinshi mubyakirwa nka LSD, ariko bikora nka antagonist itabogamye aho kuba agoniste. Nyamara muri rusange imyitwarire isa na LSD mubice bimwe byagaragaye ko ari ingirakamaro cyane mukarere kamwe, kuvura umutwe. Ibi bitero bitesha umutwe bimaze igihe bizwi ko byoroha kuvurwa hakoreshejwe imiti imwe n'imwe ya salusine nka LSD na psilocybin, ariko kubera imiterere y'imiti itemewe n'impinduka zo mu mutwe batera, ubushakashatsi ku mikoreshereze y'ubuvuzi bwatinze hamwe no kuvura bigarukira gusa kubintu byihariye bikurikiranwa cyane. Byari byatekerejweho ko iki gikorwa cyihariye cyo kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe cyagarukiye gusa ku miti ya salusinogeneque yo muri ubu bwoko, kandi izahora itanga inzitizi ikomeye ku mikoreshereze y'amavuriro. Icyakora kuvumbura ibintu byagaragaye ko 2-bromo-LSD nayo ishobora gutanga iyi ngaruka yo kuvura, nubwo idafite izindi ngaruka za LSD. Ibi byatumye abantu bongera gushimishwa nubushakashatsi muri 2-bromo-LSD nibishobora gukoreshwa mubuvuzi. Bimwe mubibazo byitaruye ibisubizo bya hallucinogenic byavuzwe, ariko kimwe nibindi bigereranyo bya LSD bitari hallucinogenic nka lisuride, ibi bigaragara ko ari ingaruka zidasanzwe zibaho gusa kubantu bafite ibyorezo bitarasobanurwa kuri iki gisubizo.
2-Bromobutane: 2-Bromobutane ni isomer ya 1-bromobutane. Ibicuruzwa byombi bisangiye molekulari C 4 H 9 Br. 2-Bromobutane izwi kandi nka sec -butyl bromide cyangwa methylethylbromomethane. Kuberako irimo bromine, halogene, ni igice cyurwego runini rwibintu bizwi nka alkyl halide. Nibintu bitagira ibara bifite impumuro nziza. Kuberako atome ya karubone ihujwe na bromine ihujwe nizindi karubone ebyiri molekile ivugwa nka alkyl ya kabiri.
2-Bromobutyric acid: 2-Acide ya Bromobutyric ni aside ya karubonike ifite formula ya molekile C 4 H 7 BrO 2 . Ni amazi atagira ibara. Imyanya 2 ni stereogenic, nuko hariho enantiomers ebyiri zuru ruganda. 2-Acide ya Bromobutyric ikoreshwa cyane cyane nkimiti yubaka, nko mugutegura Levetiracetam, imiti igabanya ubukana.
2-Bromobutyric acid: 2-Acide ya Bromobutyric ni aside ya karubonike ifite formula ya molekile C 4 H 7 BrO 2 . Ni amazi atagira ibara. Imyanya 2 ni stereogenic, nuko hariho enantiomers ebyiri zuru ruganda. 2-Acide ya Bromobutyric ikoreshwa cyane cyane nkimiti yubaka, nko mugutegura Levetiracetam, imiti igabanya ubukana.
2-Bromoethyl ether: 2-Bromoethyl ether ni urugingo rwa organobromine nayo ni ether. Ikoreshwa mugukora imiti na ether.
2-Bromohexane: 2-Bromohexane ni urugingo rwa organobromine hamwe na formula CH 3 CH (Br) (CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 . Ni amazi atagira ibara. Urusange ni chiral. Hafi ya 2-bromoalkane itegurwa hiyongereyeho hydrogen bromide kuri 1-alkene. Kwiyongera kwa Markovnikov biva mugihe habuze-radicals yubusa, ni ukuvuga gutanga ibikomoka kuri 2-bromo.
2-Bromomescaline: 2-Bromomescaline ( 2-Br-M ) ni inkomoko ya phenethylamine hallucinogen mescaline ifite insimburangingo idasanzwe ya 2-bromo. Ni agonist kubakira reseptor ya serotonine, ifite isano ya 215 nM kuri 5-HT 1A , 513 nM kuri 5-HT 2A na 379 nM kuri 5-HT 2C , mugihe rero irikubye inshuro icumi guhuza cyane kuruta mescaline kuri 5-HT 1A na 5-HT 2A yakira, birenze inshuro makumyabiri imbaraga kuri 5-HT 2C .
2-Bromopropane: 2-Bromopropane , izwi kandi nka isopropyl bromide na 2-propyl bromide , ni hydrocarubone ya halogene hamwe na formula CH 3 CHBrCH 3 . Ni amazi atagira ibara. Ikoreshwa mugutangiza itsinda ryimikorere ya isopropyl muri synthesis organique. 2-Bromopropane itegurwa no gushyushya isopropanol hamwe na aside hydrobromic.
2-Bromopyridine: 2-Bromopyridine ni ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe na formula BrC 5 H 4 N. Ni amazi atagira ibara akoreshwa nkigihe gito muri synthesis. Irashobora gutegurwa kuva 2-aminopyridine ikoresheje diazotisation ikurikirwa na bromination.
2-Bromothiophene: 2-Bromothiophene ni urugimbu rwa organosulfur hamwe na formula C 4 H 3 BrS. Ni amazi atagira ibara. Bitandukanye na 3-bromothiophene, isomer ya 2-bromo itegurwa neza na bromination igice cya thiophene. Nibibanziriza ibiyobyabwenge byinshi, harimo tipepidine, ticlopidine, na clopidogrel.
2-Butanol: 2-Butanol , cyangwa sec -butanol , ni ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe na formula C H 3 CH (OH) CH 2 CH 3 . Iyi nzoga ya kabiri ni ikirimi cyaka, kitagira ibara gishobora gushonga mubice 3 byamazi kandi ntibishobora rwose kumera kama. Yakozwe ku rugero runini, cyane cyane nkibibanziriza inganda methyl ethyl ketone. 2-Butanol ni chiral bityo irashobora kuboneka nka kimwe muri stereoisomers ebyiri zagenwe nka ( R ) - (-) - 2-butanol na ( S ) - (+) - 2-butanol. Ubusanzwe ihura nki 1: 1 ivanze rya stereoisomers ebyiri - ivanguramoko.
Butanone: Butanone , izwi kandi nka methyl ethyl ketone ( MEK ), ni ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe na formula CH 3 C (O) CH 2 CH 3 . Iyi ketone idafite ibara ifite umunuko utyaye, uryoshye wibutsa acetone. Yakozwe mu nganda ku rugero runini, ariko ibaho muri kamere gusa. Irashobora gushonga igice mumazi, kandi isanzwe ikoreshwa nkigishishwa cyinganda. Ni isomer yikindi gisubizo, tetrahydrofuran.
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide: Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) ni peroxide kama, iturika ryinshi risa na acetone peroxide. MEKP ni ibara ritagira ibara, rifite amavuta mugihe acetone peroxide ni ifu yera kuri STP; MEKP ntiyumva neza ihungabana n'ubushyuhe, kandi birahagaze neza mububiko. Ukurikije imiterere yubushakashatsi, ibintu byinshi bitandukanye bya methyl etyl ketone na hydrogen peroxide irazwi. Icya mbere cyatangajwe ni dimer cycle, C 8 H 16 O 4 , mu 1906. Nyuma ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko umurongo ugaragara ariwo wiganje cyane mu kuvanga ibicuruzwa bisanzwe biboneka, kandi ubu ni bwo buryo bukunze kuvugwa muri ibicuruzwa biboneka mubucuruzi butanga imiti.
Crotonaldehyde: Crotonaldehyde ni imiti ivanze na formula CH 3 CH = CHCHO. Ubusanzwe uruganda rugurishwa nkuruvange rwa E - na Z -isomers, zitandukanye kubijyanye numwanya ugereranije na methyl na formyl. E -isomer irasanzwe (amakuru yatanzwe mumeza ni ya E -isomer). Aya mazi ya lachrymatory arashobora gushonga muburyo bworoshye mumazi kandi ntibishobora kuboneka mumashanyarazi. Nka aldehyde idahagije, crotonaldehyde ni intera ihuza intera muri synthesis. Bibaho mubiribwa bitandukanye, urugero amavuta ya soya.
2-Butene: 2-Butene ni alkene ya acyclic hamwe na atome enye za karubone. Nibisanzwe byoroshye alkene yerekana cis / trans -isomerism ; ni ukuvuga, ibaho nka isomeri ebyiri za geometrike cis -2-butene (-2-butene) na trans -2-butene (-2-butene).
2-Butoxyethanol: 2-Butoxyethanol ni ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe na formula ya chimique BuOC 2 H 4 OH (Bu = CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ). Aya mazi adafite ibara afite impumuro nziza, ether-imeze nkumunuko, nkuko ikomoka mumuryango wa glycol ethers, kandi ni butyl ether ya Ethylene glycol. Nkibisanzwe bitavogerwa, bidahenze cyane, bikoreshwa mubicuruzwa byinshi byo murugo ninganda kubera imitungo yabyo. Nibizwi byubuhumekero kandi birashobora kuba uburozi bukabije ariko ubushakashatsi bwinyamaswa ntabwo bwasanze ari mutagenic, kandi nta bushakashatsi bwerekana ko ari kanseri yumuntu. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku byuka 13 byo mu kirere byanduye byakorewe muri Porutugali bwerekanye ko imibare ifitanye isano n'imibare yiyongera ku bipimo byo guhagarika izuru, ubushakashatsi bwerekanye kandi ko hari ishyirahamwe ryiza riri munsi y'urwego rw'ibarurishamibare rifite ibyago byinshi byo kurwara asima ikabije ndetse no kongera umwana BMI.
2-Butoxyethanol: 2-Butoxyethanol ni ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe na formula ya chimique BuOC 2 H 4 OH (Bu = CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ). Aya mazi adafite ibara afite impumuro nziza, ether-imeze nkumunuko, nkuko ikomoka mumuryango wa glycol ethers, kandi ni butyl ether ya Ethylene glycol. Nkibisanzwe bitavogerwa, bidahenze cyane, bikoreshwa mubicuruzwa byinshi byo murugo ninganda kubera imitungo yabyo. Nibizwi byubuhumekero kandi birashobora kuba uburozi bukabije ariko ubushakashatsi bwinyamaswa ntabwo bwasanze ari mutagenic, kandi nta bushakashatsi bwerekana ko ari kanseri yumuntu. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku byuka 13 byo mu kirere byanduye byakorewe muri Porutugali bwerekanye ko imibare ifitanye isano n'imibare yiyongera ku bipimo byo guhagarika izuru, ubushakashatsi bwerekanye kandi ko hari ishyirahamwe ryiza riri munsi y'urwego rw'ibarurishamibare rifite ibyago byinshi byo kurwara asima ikabije ndetse no kongera umwana BMI.
2-Butoxyethanol acetate: 2-Butoxyethanol acetate ni imiti ikunze gukoreshwa nk'umuti; ni acetate ya 2-butoxyethanol.
Butyltolylquinuclidine: 2-Butyl-3- (p-tolyl) quinuclidine ( BTQ ) ni DRI itera imbaraga. Nibimwe mubikomoka kuri quinuclidine byasimbuwe byakozwe nkimiti ishobora kuvura kokayine, kandi itanga ingaruka zisa na kokayine mubushakashatsi bwinyamaswa, nubwo byoroheje kandi biramba.
2-Butyne: 2-Butyne ( dimethylacetylene , crotonylene cyangwa ariko-2-yne ) ni alkyne ifite formulaire ya chimique CH 3 C≡CCH 3 . Yakozwe muburyo bwa artificiel, ni ibara ritagira ibara, rihindagurika, ryamazi yubushyuhe busanzwe hamwe nigitutu.
1,4-Butynediol: 1,4-Butynediol ni ifumbire mvaruganda ni alkyne na diol. Nibara ritagira ibara, hygroscopique ikomeye ibora mumazi hamwe na polar organic solvent. Nibicuruzwa byingenzi mubucuruzi muburyo bwabyo kandi nkibibanziriza ibindi bicuruzwa.
Cellocidin: Cellocidine ( 2-butynediamide ) ni imiti kama kama hamwe na molekuline C 4 H 4 O 2 N 2 . Uru ruganda rwatandukanijwe na Streptomyces chibaensis , Streptomyces reticuli na Streptomyces sp. SF-536.
Tetrolic acid: Acide ya Tetrolic ( 2-butynoic aside ) ni acide ya karubasi ya karubike ituzuye, isobanurwa na formula CH 3 -C≡C-CO 2 H. Umunyu hamwe na est est ya aside tetrolike izwi nka tetrolate .
2C: 2C cyangwa II-C irashobora kwerekeza kuri: 2C (psychedelics), umuryango wa fenethylamine ya psychedelic n Alpha-2C reseptor ya adrenergic reseptor mubinyabuzima Apple IIc, mudasobwa yihariye yatangijwe na Apple Computer muri Mata 1984 \ n Char 2C, ikigega kiremereye cy'Abafaransa cyateye imbere mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose \ n Birebire Werurwe 2C, roketi y'Ubushinwa \ n Oflag II-C, Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose Ingabo z'Abadage Imfungwa-y'intambara iherereye hafi ya Woldenburg \ n Amafaranga 2 (disambiguation) , igiceri mubice bimwe \ n Cataloge ya kabiri ya Cataloge ya Radio Inkomoko \ n Babiri buzuzanya, sisitemu yo kwerekana imibare yasinywe kuri mudasobwa \ n 2C Media, isosiyete ikora televiziyo ifite icyicaro i Miami, muri Floride \ n Mu mategeko ya New Jersey, amategeko ya New Jersey agenga ubutabera mpanabyaha \ n 2C (umucuranzi), umucuranzi wo muri Liberiya akaba n'umwanditsi w'indirimbo
2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate: 2- C -Methyl- d -erythritol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate ( MEcPP ) ni intera hagati yinzira ya MEP (itari mevalonate) ya isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. MEcPP ikorwa na synthase ya MEcPP (IspF) kandi ni substrate ya synthase ya HMB-PP (IspG).
2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate: 2- C -Methyl- d -erythritol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate ( MEcPP ) ni intera hagati yinzira ya MEP (itari mevalonate) ya isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. MEcPP ikorwa na synthase ya MEcPP (IspF) kandi ni substrate ya synthase ya HMB-PP (IspG).
2-C-Methylerythritol 4-phosphate: 2- C -Methyl- d -erythritol 4-fosifate ( MEP ) ni intera hagati yinzira ya MEP yinzira ya isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. Nibwo bwambere metabolite yiyemeje kuriyi nzira munzira igana IPP na DMAPP.
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase: 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase ni enzyme iterwa na zinc igira uruhare munzira ya MEP yinzira ya isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. Ihagarika imiti: 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-fosifate 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate + CMP	2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase is a zinc-dependent enzyme which participates in the MEP pathway of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. It catalyzes the chemical reaction: 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate
2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate: 2- C -Methyl- d -erythritol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate ( MEcPP ) ni intera hagati yinzira ya MEP (itari mevalonate) ya isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. MEcPP ikorwa na synthase ya MEcPP (IspF) kandi ni substrate ya synthase ya HMB-PP (IspG).
2-C-Methylerythritol 4-phosphate: 2- C -Methyl- d -erythritol 4-fosifate ( MEP ) ni intera hagati yinzira ya MEP yinzira ya isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. Nibwo bwambere metabolite yiyemeje kuriyi nzira munzira igana IPP na DMAPP.
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase: Muri enzymologiya, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-fosifate cytidylyltransferase ni enzyme itera reaction yimiti: 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-fosifate + CTP diphosphate + 4- (cytidine 5'-diphospho) -2-C-methyl-D-erythritol
DXP reductoisomerase: DXP reductoisomerase ni enzyme ihuza 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-fosifate (DXP) na 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-fosifate (MEP).
2-C-Methylerythritol 4-phosphate: 2- C -Methyl- d -erythritol 4-fosifate ( MEP ) ni intera hagati yinzira ya MEP yinzira ya isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. Nibwo bwambere metabolite yiyemeje kuriyi nzira munzira igana IPP na DMAPP.
2-C-Methylerythritol 4-phosphate: 2- C -Methyl- d -erythritol 4-fosifate ( MEP ) ni intera hagati yinzira ya MEP yinzira ya isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. Nibwo bwambere metabolite yiyemeje kuriyi nzira munzira igana IPP na DMAPP.
2-C-Methylerythritol 4-phosphate: 2- C -Methyl- d -erythritol 4-fosifate ( MEP ) ni intera hagati yinzira ya MEP yinzira ya isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. Nibwo bwambere metabolite yiyemeje kuriyi nzira munzira igana IPP na DMAPP.
2C-I: 2C-I ni phenethylamine yo mu mutwe yo mu muryango wa 2C. Yashizwe bwa mbere na Alexander Shulgin anasobanurwa mu gitabo cye cyo mu 1991 PiHKAL: Inkuru y'urukundo rwa shimi . Uyu muti wakoreshejwe mu buryo bushimishije nka psychedelic nizindi ngaruka zavuzwe kandi rimwe na rimwe wasangaga witiranya na mubyara w'imiti ufite imbaraga 25I-NBOMe, uzwi ku izina rya "Smile, \" mu bitangazamakuru.
2-Carbomethoxytropinone: 2-Carbomethoxytropinone ( 2-CMT ) ni interineti ikoreshwa cyane muguhuza kokayine nibisa nayo. Nkibura byibuze 1999 nta nzira nyabagendwa yavumbuwe ikomatanya ibice bisa na kokayine idakoresheje igabanuka rya 2-CMT. Imiterere ya kokayine yavumbuwe na Richard Willstätter mu 1898 nyuma yo kuyishushanya kuva 2-karbomethoxytropinone. Nubwo mbere byizerwaga ko 2-CMT muri kamere yakomotse kuri ornithine na acide acike, ubushakashatsi bwakurikiyeho bwerekanye ko izindi nzira zibaho kuri biosynthesis ya 2-CMT. A β-keto ester, 2-CMT ibaho muburinganire hamwe na keto - enol tautomer.
2-satisfiability: nMu bumenyi bwa mudasobwa, 2-kunyurwa , 2-SAT cyangwa 2SAT gusa nikibazo cyo kubara cyo guha agaciro impinduka, buriwese ufite indangagaciro ebyiri zishoboka, kugirango uhaze sisitemu yimbogamizi kubintu bibiri bihinduka. Nibibazo bidasanzwe byikibazo rusange cyo guhaza Boolean, gishobora kuba gikubiyemo imbogamizi zirenze ebyiri zihinduka, hamwe nibibazo byo kunyurwa, bishobora kwemerera ibirenze bibiri guhitamo agaciro ka buri gihinduka. Ariko bitandukanye nibyo bibazo byinshi muri rusange, aribyo NP-yuzuye, 2-kunyurwa birashobora gukemurwa mugihe kinini.
Camphor: Camphor ni ibishashara, byaka, bisobanutse neza bifite impumuro nziza. Ni terpenoide ifite imiti ya C 10 H 16 O. Iraboneka mu giti cya camphor laurel ( Cinnamomum camphora ), igiti kinini cyatsi kibisi kiboneka muri Aziya y Uburasirazuba, nacyo kijyanye nigiti cya kapur ( Dryobalanops sp. ), igiti kirekire kuva muri Aziya yepfo. Biboneka no mubindi biti bifitanye isano mumuryango wa laurel, cyane cyane Ocotea usambarensis . Amababi ya Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis ) arimo 0,05 kugeza 0.5% ya kampora, mugihe camphorweed ( Heterotheca ) irimo 5%. Isoko nyamukuru ya kampora muri Aziya ni camphor basil (umubyeyi wa basile yubururu nyafurika). Camphor irashobora kandi kubyazwa umusaruro bivuye mumavuta ya turpentine.
Two-party-preferred vote: Muri politiki ya Ositaraliya, amajwi y'amashyaka abiri akunda ni ibisubizo by'amatora cyangwa amatora yatanzwe nyuma yo guhitamo abakandida babiri ba mbere, bashobora rimwe na rimwe kwigenga. Ku ntego za TPP, Ubusanzwe Liberal / National Coalition ifatwa nkishyaka rimwe, Umurimo ukaba irindi shyaka rikomeye. Mubisanzwe TPP igaragazwa nkijanisha ryamajwi akururwa na buri shyaka ryombi, urugero: "Ihuriro 50%, Umurimo 50% \", aho indangagaciro zirimo amajwi yibanze nibyifuzo. TPP ni ikimenyetso cyerekana uko swing yageze / isabwa guhindura ibisubizo, urebye ibyo ukunda, bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kubisubizo.
Mevinphos: Mevinphos ni umuti wica udukoko twica udukoko dukora nka acetylcholinesterase inhibitori yo kurwanya udukoko mu bihingwa byinshi. Irakoreshwa cyane mukurwanya guhekenya no konsa udukoko, kimwe nigitagangurirwa. Amazina asanzwe ni duraphos, fosdrin, menite, mevinfos, mevinox, fosdrin, na fosdrine. Ntibyemewe muri EU.
2-Carbomethoxytropinone: 2-Carbomethoxytropinone ( 2-CMT ) ni interineti ikoreshwa cyane muguhuza kokayine nibisa nayo. Nkibura byibuze 1999 nta nzira nyabagendwa yavumbuwe ikomatanya ibice bisa na kokayine idakoresheje igabanuka rya 2-CMT. Imiterere ya kokayine yavumbuwe na Richard Willstätter mu 1898 nyuma yo kuyishushanya kuva 2-karbomethoxytropinone. Nubwo mbere byizerwaga ko 2-CMT muri kamere yakomotse kuri ornithine na acide acike, ubushakashatsi bwakurikiyeho bwerekanye ko izindi nzira zibaho kuri biosynthesis ya 2-CMT. A β-keto ester, 2-CMT ibaho muburinganire hamwe na keto - enol tautomer.
2-Carbomethoxytropinone: 2-Carbomethoxytropinone ( 2-CMT ) ni interineti ikoreshwa cyane muguhuza kokayine nibisa nayo. Nkibura byibuze 1999 nta nzira nyabagendwa yavumbuwe ikomatanya ibice bisa na kokayine idakoresheje igabanuka rya 2-CMT. Imiterere ya kokayine yavumbuwe na Richard Willstätter mu 1898 nyuma yo kuyishushanya kuva 2-karbomethoxytropinone. Nubwo mbere byizerwaga ko 2-CMT muri kamere yakomotse kuri ornithine na acide acike, ubushakashatsi bwakurikiyeho bwerekanye ko izindi nzira zibaho kuri biosynthesis ya 2-CMT. A β-keto ester, 2-CMT ibaho muburinganire hamwe na keto - enol tautomer.
2-Carboxy-D-arabinitol-1-phosphatase: 2-carboxy-D-arabinitol-1-fosifata (nanone yitwa CA1Pase ; EC 3.1.3.63 ) ni enzyme itera reaction yimiti 2-karubasi-D-arabinitol 1-fosifate + H 2 O. 2-karubasi-D-arabinitol + fosifate	2-carboxy-D-arabinitol-1-phosphatase (also called CA1Pase; EC 3.1.3.63) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 2-carboxy-D-arabinitol 1-phosphate + H2O
2-Carboxy-D-arabitinol 1-phosphate: 2-Carboxy- d -arabitinol 1-fosifate ni molekile ikorerwa mu bimera bibuza umusaruro wa RuBisCO, enzyme yingenzi mu ruzinduko rwa Calvin no gutunganya karubone. Mu bihe byijimye, iyi molekile ihuza RuBisCO, ikayirinda kugira uruhare mu miti. Mugihe urumuri rwinshi rugenda rwiyongera, urwego rwa CA1P rugabanuka, kurekura amaherezo ya RuBisCO, bigatuma molekile nyinshi zigira uruhare mubitekerezo byimiti. Irashobora gusenywa na enzyme 2-karubasi- d -arabinitol-1-fosifata muri 2-karubasi- d -arabinitol .
2-Carboxy-D-arabitinol 1-phosphate: 2-Carboxy- d -arabitinol 1-fosifate ni molekile ikorerwa mu bimera bibuza umusaruro wa RuBisCO, enzyme yingenzi mu ruzinduko rwa Calvin no gutunganya karubone. Mu bihe byijimye, iyi molekile ihuza RuBisCO, ikayirinda kugira uruhare mu miti. Mugihe urumuri rwinshi rugenda rwiyongera, urwego rwa CA1P rugabanuka, kurekura amaherezo ya RuBisCO, bigatuma molekile nyinshi zigira uruhare mubitekerezo byimiti. Irashobora gusenywa na enzyme 2-karubasi- d -arabinitol-1-fosifata muri 2-karubasi- d -arabinitol .
2-Carboxybenzaldehyde: 2-Carboxybenzaldehyde ni imiti ivanze . Igizwe nimpeta ya benzene, hamwe na aldehyde na aside ya karubonike nkibisimbuza ortho kuri mugenzi we. Urusobekerane rugaragaza impeta - urunigi tautomerism: insimburangingo zombi zishobora kwitwara hamwe kugirango zikore 3-hydroxyphthalide, lactol cyclic. Iyi lactol ikora byoroshye na reagent ya Grignard, ikora alkyl- na aryl isimburwa na phthalide. Ibindi bikoresho bya benzo byahujwe na heterocyclic birashobora gukomoka kuri 2-carboxybenzaldehyde, harimo isoindolinone na phthalazinone, hamwe nibintu bitandukanye bya farumasi, nka antihistamine azelastine.
Propagermanium: Propagermanium (INN), izwi kandi ku yandi mazina atandukanye arimo bis (2-carboxyethylgermanium) sesquioxide na 2-carboxyethylgermasesquioxane , ni urugingo ngengabuzima rwa germanium igurishwa nk'indi miti. Nibintu bya polymeric hamwe na formula ((HOOCCH 2 CH 2 Ge) 2 O 3 ) n .
2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid: 2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic aside ni aside ya dihydroxybenzoic.nNi aside irike cyane kubera guhuza hydrogène idasanzwe.
2 Chainz: Tauheed Epps , uzwi cyane nka 2 Chainz , numuraperi wumunyamerika, umwanditsi windirimbo, umuntu wibitangazamakuru, numukinnyi wa basketball. Yavukiye kandi akurira muri College Park, Jeworujiya, yabanje kumenyekana ko ari kimwe cya kabiri cy'amajyepfo ya hip hop ya Playaz Circle, ari kumwe ninshuti ye kuva kera ndetse n'umuraperi mugenzi we Earl "Dolla Boy \" Abavoka. Aba bombi basinyanye n'umuraperi mugenzi we ukomoka muri Jeworujiya witwa Ludacris 'Disturbing tha Peace label, kandi bazwi cyane mu ndirimbo yabo ya mbere \ "Duffle Bag Boy \".
2 Chainz: Tauheed Epps , uzwi cyane nka 2 Chainz , numuraperi wumunyamerika, umwanditsi windirimbo, umuntu wibitangazamakuru, numukinnyi wa basketball. Yavukiye kandi akurira muri College Park, Jeworujiya, yabanje kumenyekana ko ari kimwe cya kabiri cy'amajyepfo ya hip hop ya Playaz Circle, ari kumwe ninshuti ye kuva kera ndetse n'umuraperi mugenzi we Earl "Dolla Boy \" Abavoka. Aba bombi basinyanye n'umuraperi mugenzi we ukomoka muri Jeworujiya witwa Ludacris 'Disturbing tha Peace label, kandi bazwi cyane mu ndirimbo yabo ya mbere \ "Duffle Bag Boy \".
2channel: Umuyoboro , bizwi kandi nka 2ch , Umuyoboro wa 2 , ndetse rimwe na rimwe bisubira inyuma nka 2ch.net , cyari igitabo cy'Abayapani kitazwi cyashinzwe mu 1999 na Hiroyuki Nishimura. Nka \ "Ubuyapani buzwi cyane kumurongo wa interineti, aho abakoresha bagera kuri miriyoni icumi babugeraho buri munsi, \" bwagize uruhare runini muri societe isobanurwa nk'ibitangazamakuru gakondo nka televiziyo, radiyo, n'ibinyamakuru. Mu 2007, urubuga rwinjije buri mwaka amafaranga agera kuri miliyoni 100; icyo gihe cyari urubuga runini nkurwo kwisi, rwakira imyanya miliyoni 2.5 kumunsi.
2-Chloroethanol: 2-Chloroethanol ni imiti ivanze na formula HOCH 2 CH 2 Cl hamwe na chlorohydrin yoroshye. Aya mazi adafite ibara afite impumuro nziza ya ether. Ntibisanzwe n'amazi. Molekile ikora, igizwe na chloride ya alkyl hamwe nitsinda rikora inzoga.
1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane: 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane , C 2 HCl F 4 , ni hydrochlorofluorocarbon ikoreshwa nkigice cya firigo zitangwa nkigisimbuza chlorofluorocarbone. HCFC-124 ikoreshwa kandi muri sisitemu yo kuzimya umuriro wa gaze nkuwasimbuye bromochlorocarbons.
2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane: 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane , izwi kandi nka 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane cyangwa Freon 133a , ni alkyl halide iri mu cyiciro cya chlorofluorocarbone, ifite formula ya chimique F 3 C-CH 2 -Cl. Mubihe bisanzwe bigaragara nka gaze itagira ibara, igashonga igice mumazi. Ikoreshwa nka firigo, nkigishishwa kandi nka reagent muri synthesis.
Chloroprene: Chloroprene ni izina risanzwe rya 2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene (izina rya IUPAC) hamwe na formulaire ya chimique CH 2 = CCl - CH = CH 2. Chloroprene ni amazi adahinduka ibara, hafi ya yose akoreshwa nka monomer kugirango ikore polymer polychloroprene, ubwoko bwa reberi yubukorikori. Polychloroprene izwi cyane nka Neoprene, izina ry'ubucuruzi ryatanzwe na DuPont.
Tert-Butyl chloride: tert -Butyl chloride ni organochloride hamwe na formula (CH 3 ) 3 CCl. Nibintu bitagira ibara, byaka umuriro. Ntishobora gushonga cyane mumazi, hamwe nogushaka kwanduza hydrolysis kuri tert -butyl inzoga. Ikorwa mu nganda nkibibanziriza ibindi bintu kama.
6-Chloro-MDMA: 6-Chloro-MDMA ni inkomoko y'ibiyobyabwenge bya amphetamine MDMA, byagaragaye haba mu bisate byafashwe na "ecstasy \" ndetse no mu nkari z'inkari z'abakoresha ibiyobyabwenge. Bikekwa ko bishoboka cyane ko ari umwanda ukomoka kuri synthesis kandi imiti ya farumasi ntirashyirwaho, icyakora yarabujijwe mu bihugu byinshi.
Atrazine: Atrazine nicyatsi cyo murwego rwa triazine. Ikoreshwa mukurinda ibyatsi bibi mbere yo kugaragara mubihingwa nk'ibigori (ibigori) n'ibisheke no kuri turf, nk'amasomo ya golf n'ibyatsi byo guturamo. Uruganda rwibanze rwa Atrazine ni Syngenta kandi ni umwe mu miti ikoreshwa cyane muri Amerika no mu buhinzi bwa Ositarariya.
Nitrapyrin: Nitrapyrine ni ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe na formula ClC 5 H 3 NCCl 3 . Ni inzitizi ikoreshwa cyane mu buhinzi kimwe na bagiteri yo mu butaka kandi ikoreshwa kuva mu 1974. Nitrapyrine yashyizwe mu bikorwa kugira ngo isuzumwe na EPA kandi ibona ko ifite umutekano kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu 2005. Kubera ko nitrapyrine ari inzitizi nziza ya nitrifike kuri bagiteri. Nitrosomonasi yerekanwe cyane kugabanya cyane imyuka ihumanya yubutaka 2 . Nitrapyrine ni kristaline yera ifite impumuro nziza kandi akenshi ivangwa na ammoniya ya anhidrous kugirango uyikoreshe.
Nitrapyrin: Nitrapyrine ni ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe na formula ClC 5 H 3 NCCl 3 . Ni inzitizi ikoreshwa cyane mu buhinzi kimwe na bagiteri yo mu butaka kandi ikoreshwa kuva mu 1974. Nitrapyrine yashyizwe mu bikorwa kugira ngo isuzumwe na EPA kandi ibona ko ifite umutekano kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu 2005. Kubera ko nitrapyrine ari inzitizi nziza ya nitrifike kuri bagiteri. Nitrosomonasi yerekanwe cyane kugabanya cyane imyuka ihumanya yubutaka 2 . Nitrapyrine ni kristaline yera ifite impumuro nziza kandi akenshi ivangwa na ammoniya ya anhidrous kugirango uyikoreshe.
2-Chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene: 2-Chloro-9,10-bis (phenylethynyl) anthracene ni irangi rya fluorescent rikoreshwa mumatara. Itanga urumuri rwatsi, rukoreshwa mumasaha 12 yubushyuhe buke Cyalume.
2-Chloro-9,10-diphenylanthracene: 2-Chloro-9,10-diphenylanthracene ni irangi rya fluorescent rikoreshwa mubiti byaka kugirango ubururu-icyatsi kibisi. Nibikomoka kuri chlorine ikomoka kuri 9,10-diphenylanthracene.
2-Chlorobenzoic acid: 2-Acide ya Chlorobenzoic ni ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe na formula ClC 6 H 4 CO 2 H. Ni imwe muri acide eshatu za isomeric chlorobenzoic acide, imwe niyo aside ikomeye. Iki cyuma cyera gikoreshwa nkibibanziriza ibiyobyabwenge bitandukanye, inyongeramusaruro, n amarangi.
2-Chloro-m-cresol: 2-Chloro- m -cresol ni chlorine ikomoka kuri cresol hamwe na formula ya chimique C 7 H 7 ClO.
Chloroacetaldehyde: Chloroacetaldehyde ni ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe na formula ClCH 2 CHO. Kimwe nibintu bimwe bifitanye isano, ni reagent ya electrophilique cyane kandi ishobora gutera akaga. Uruvange ntirusanzwe ruhura muburyo bwa anhydrous, ahubwo ni nka hemiacetal (ClCH 2 CH (OH)) 2 O.
Phenacyl chloride: Phenacyl chloride , izwi kandi nka chloroacetophenone , ni acetofenone isimbuwe. Nibikorwa byingirakamaro byubaka muri chimie organic. Usibye ibyo, yagiye ikoreshwa mu mateka nk'umukozi ushinzwe kugenzura imvururu, aho yagenewe CN . Ntigomba kwitiranywa na cyanide, undi mukozi ukoreshwa mu ntambara y'imiti, ifite imiterere ya CN - .
2-Chlorobenzaldehyde: 2-Chlorobenzaldehyde ( o -Chlorobenzaldehyde ) ni chlorine ikomoka kuri benzaldehyde ikoreshwa mugukora gaze ya CS. Irakora hamwe na malononitrile kugirango ikore CS.
CS gas: Ifumbire ya 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (nanone yitwa o -chlorobenzylidene malononitrile ; amata yimiti: C 10 H 5 ClN 2 ), cyanocarubone, nicyo gisobanura gaze amarira bakunze kwita gaze ya CS , ikoreshwa nkumukozi ushinzwe kugenzura imvururu. Guhura bitera kwaka no gutobora amaso kugeza aho ingingo idashobora guhumura amaso yabo, hamwe no kurakara kwijimye ryamazuru yizuru, umunwa numuhogo, bikaviramo gukorora cyane, ururenda rwizuru, guta umutwe, na ingorane zo guhumeka, igice kidashoboye ingingo. Gazi ya CS ni aerosol yumuti uhindagurika (ibintu bishonga ibindi bintu bikora kandi bigahinduka byoroshye) na 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile, ikaba ari uruganda rukomeye mubushyuhe bwicyumba. Gazi ya CS isanzwe yemerwa nkaho itica. Yashizwe bwa mbere n'abanyamerika babiri, Ben Corson na Roger Stoughton, muri kaminuza ya Midbury mu 1928, kandi izina ry'imiti rikomoka ku nyuguti za mbere z'amazina y'abahanga.
2-Chlorobenzoic acid: 2-Acide ya Chlorobenzoic ni ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe na formula ClC 6 H 4 CO 2 H. Ni imwe muri acide eshatu za isomeric chlorobenzoic acide, imwe niyo aside ikomeye. Iki cyuma cyera gikoreshwa nkibibanziriza ibiyobyabwenge bitandukanye, inyongeramusaruro, n amarangi.
2-Chlorobutane: 2-Chlorobutane ni uruvange rwa chlorine, hydrogen, na karubone. Yitwa kandi sec-butyl chloride. Namazi adafite ibara, ahindagurika mubushyuhe bwicyumba kitagaragara mumazi.
Cladribine: Cladribine , igurishwa ku izina rya Leustatin mu zindi, ni imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura kanseri yo mu bwoko bwa leukemia, B-selile idakira lymphocytike leukemia na Relapsing-remiting Multiple Sclerose (RRMS). Izina ryimiti ni 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (2CdA).
2-Chloroethanol: 2-Chloroethanol ni imiti ivanze na formula HOCH 2 CH 2 Cl hamwe na chlorohydrin yoroshye. Aya mazi adafite ibara afite impumuro nziza ya ether. Ntibisanzwe n'amazi. Molekile ikora, igizwe na chloride ya alkyl hamwe nitsinda rikora inzoga.
Chloroacetaldehyde: Chloroacetaldehyde ni ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe na formula ClCH 2 CHO. Kimwe nibintu bimwe bifitanye isano, ni reagent ya electrophilique cyane kandi ishobora gutera akaga. Uruvange ntirusanzwe ruhura muburyo bwa anhydrous, ahubwo ni nka hemiacetal (ClCH 2 CH (OH)) 2 O.
2-Chloroethanesulfonyl chloride: 2-Chloroethanesulfonyl chloride ni imiti ikoreshwa mugukora indi miti. Ni uruhu rukabije n'amaso arakara, kandi birashobora no gutera uburakari izuru, umuhogo n'ibihaha iyo bihumeka.
2-Chloroethanol: 2-Chloroethanol ni imiti ivanze na formula HOCH 2 CH 2 Cl hamwe na chlorohydrin yoroshye. Aya mazi adafite ibara afite impumuro nziza ya ether. Ntibisanzwe n'amazi. Molekile ikora, igizwe na chloride ya alkyl hamwe nitsinda rikora inzoga.
Chloroethyl chloroformate: Chloroethyl chloroformates (formulaire ya chimique: C 3 H 4 Cl 2 O 2 ) ni imiti ihuza imiti. Birashobora gukoreshwa mugushinga amatsinda arinda kandi nka N-dealkylating agent.
Bis(chloroethyl) ether: Bis (chloroethyl) ether ni ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe na formula O (CH 2 CH 2 Cl) 2 . Ni ether ifite insimburangingo 2-chloroethyl. Nibintu bitagira ibara bifite impumuro yumuti wa chlorine.
2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide: 2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide nuruvange rwa organosulfur hamwe na formula C 2 H 5 SC 2 H 4 Cl. Ni amazi atagira ibara. Uru ruganda, ruzwi kandi nka kimwe cya kabiri cya sinapi , rwakorewe iperereza cyane kubera imiterere yarwo na sinapi ya sulfuru S (C 2 H 4 Cl) 2 . LD50s ya kimwe cya kabiri na sinapi yuzuye ni 252 na 2,4 mg / kg (umunwa, imbeba).
2-Chloronaphthalene: 2-Chloronaphthalene ni imiti ya organochlorine, imiti ya chlorine ikomoka kuri naphthalene. Imiti yimiti ni C. 10 H. 7 Cl . Ifumbire ni isomer kuri 1-chloronaphthalene.
2-Nitrochlorobenzene: 2-Nitrochlorobenzene ni ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe na formula ClC 6 H 4 NO 2 . Nimwe muri bitatu bya isomeric nitrochlorobenzene. Numuhondo wa kristalline ikomeye ifite akamaro nkibibanziriza ibindi bikoresho bitewe nitsinda ryayo rikora.
2-Chlorophenol: 2-Chlorophenol cyangwa ortho -chlorophenol ni ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe na formula C6H4Cl (OH). Nimwe muri bitatu bya isomeric monochloride ikomoka kuri fenol. Nko gukoresha rimwe na rimwe nka disinfectant, ifite progaramu nke. Ni intera hagati ya polychlorine ya fenol.n2-Chlorophenol ni amazi adafite ibara, nubwo ingero zubucuruzi akenshi ari umuhondo cyangwa amabara ya amber. Ifite impumuro idashimishije, yinjira (karbolike). Ntishobora gushonga mumazi.
Isopropyl chloride: Isopropyl chloride ni ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe na formulaire ya chimique (CH 3 ) 2 CHCl. Ibara ritagira ibara ry'umuhondo gato, rihindagurika, ryaka umuriro hamwe n'impumuro nziza, ether-isa (hafi ya peteroli). Ikoreshwa mu nganda nkigisubizo. Yakozwe mu nganda hiyongereyeho HCl kuri propylene: CH 3 CH = CH 2 + HCl → (CH 3 ) 2 CHCl
2-Chloropropionic acid: 2-Acide ya Chloropropionic ( 2-chloropropanoic aside ) ni imiti ivanze na formula CH 3 CHClCO 2 H. Aya mazi adafite ibara ni acide ya chiral chlorocarboxylic yoroshye, kandi birashimishije kuboneka byoroshye nka enantiomer imwe. Intangiriro ya conjugate ya acide 2-chloropropionique (CH 3 CHClCO 2 - ), hamwe nu munyu hamwe na est est, bizwi nka 2-chloropropionate cyangwa 2-chloropropanoate.
2-Chloropropionic acid: 2-Acide ya Chloropropionic ( 2-chloropropanoic aside ) ni imiti ivanze na formula CH 3 CHClCO 2 H. Aya mazi adafite ibara ni acide ya chiral chlorocarboxylic yoroshye, kandi birashimishije kuboneka byoroshye nka enantiomer imwe. Intangiriro ya conjugate ya acide 2-chloropropionique (CH 3 CHClCO 2 - ), hamwe nu munyu hamwe na est est, bizwi nka 2-chloropropionate cyangwa 2-chloropropanoate.
2-Chloropropionic acid: 2-Acide ya Chloropropionic ( 2-chloropropanoic aside ) ni imiti ivanze na formula CH 3 CHClCO 2 H. Aya mazi adafite ibara ni acide ya chiral chlorocarboxylic yoroshye, kandi birashimishije kuboneka byoroshye nka enantiomer imwe. Intangiriro ya conjugate ya acide 2-chloropropionique (CH 3 CHClCO 2 - ), hamwe nu munyu hamwe na est est, bizwi nka 2-chloropropionate cyangwa 2-chloropropanoate.
2-Chloropropionic acid: 2-Acide ya Chloropropionic ( 2-chloropropanoic aside ) ni imiti ivanze na formula CH 3 CHClCO 2 H. Aya mazi adafite ibara ni acide ya chiral chlorocarboxylic yoroshye, kandi birashimishije kuboneka byoroshye nka enantiomer imwe. Intangiriro ya conjugate ya acide 2-chloropropionique (CH 3 CHClCO 2 - ), hamwe nu munyu hamwe na est est, bizwi nka 2-chloropropionate cyangwa 2-chloropropanoate.
Epichlorohydrin: Epichlorohydrin ni urugingo rwa organochlorine na epoxide. Nubwo izina ryayo, ntabwo ari halohydrin. Nibisukari bitagira ibara bifite impumuro nziza, tungurusumu imeze nkimpumuro nziza, ikabura mumazi mugihe gito, ariko ntishobora gukoreshwa numuti mwinshi wa polar. Ni molekile ya chiral isanzwe ibaho nkivanguramoko rivanze ryiburyo n'ibumoso. Epichlorohydrin ni uruganda rukora cyane rwa electrophilique kandi rukoreshwa mugukora glycerol, plastike, epoxy glues na resin, epoxy diluents na elastomers.
2-Chloropyridine: 2-Chloropyridine ni organohalide hamwe na formula C 5 H 4 ClN. Nibisukari bitagira ibara bikoreshwa cyane mukubyara fungiside nudukoko twangiza inganda. Ikora kandi kubyara antihistamine na antarrythymics kubikorwa bya farumasi.
2-Chloroquinoline: 2-Chloroquinoline ni ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe na formula ClC 9 H 6 N. Nimwe mubintu byinshi bikomoka kuri isomeric chloro bikomoka kuri gare ya heterocycle yamagare yitwa quinoline. Ikomeye yera, 2-chloroquinoline irashobora gutegurwa kuva vinylaniline na fosgene. Nibibanziriza 2,2'-biquinoline.
2-Chlorostyrene: 2-Chlorostyrene ni chlorine ikomoka kuri styrene hamwe na formula ya chimique C 8 H 7 Cl.
Chlorotoluene: Chlorotoluene nitsinda ryibintu bitatu bya isomeric. Zigizwe nimpeta ya benzene idashidikanywaho hamwe na atome ya chlorine hamwe nitsinda rya methyl.
2-Coumarate reductase: Muri enzymologiya, reductase ya 2-coumarate cyangwa melilotate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.11 ) ni enzyme itera reaction yimiti 3- (2-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate + NAD + 2-coumarate + NADH + H +	In enzymology, a 2-coumarate reductase or melilotate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.11) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate + NAD+